Generalized Multivariate Difference Estimator (GMDe)

GMDe has the efficiency of the model-based method and the robustness of the design‑based method. GMDe simplifies a complex sample survey by splitting it into its design‑based and model‑based components. GMDe uses a simple linear function of the design‑based estimate for the population correlation matrix, and the design‑based estimates for the vector of auxiliary residuals, to adjust the design‑based estimate for the vector of study variables and its covariance matrix. rGMDe uses inequality constraints and analyses of residuals to enhance robustness and reduce risks from spurious correlations and an inaccurate model. rGMDe is numerically dependable with high dimensions. The analyst can use GMDe to help improve knowledge through deterministic models and model‑based inference. GMDe is adaptable to changes over time in objectives and technologies within a long‑term, institutional, sample survey program.