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    • Complex Sample Surveys
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Environmetrika

EnvironmetrikaEnvironmetrikaEnvironmetrika
  • Home
  • Complex Sample Surveys
  • Contact Us
  • Applications
  • Accuracy Assessments
  • NFI
  • Global Forest Monitoring

Accuracy Assessments

Environmetrika supports scientifically defensible accuracy assessments of remotely sensed data with complex sample surveys. 


The most common type of remotely sensed data is based on pixel-level predictions of categorical and continuous land-cover variables with multispectral data from earth-observing orbital satellites, such as Landsat. The reference data can be a multiphase/mutistage probability sample of field observations and higher resolution remotely sensed observations. 


The typical product is an ""error matrix", which is a contingency table that cross-classifies remotely sensed categories with categorical reference data. Environmetrika employs robust statistical estimators for complex sampling designs.

Relevant Publications, R.L. Czaplewski

  • Stehman, S.V. and Czaplewski, R.L., 1998. Design and analysis for thematic map accuracy assessment: Fundamental principles. Remote sensing of environment, 64(3), pp.331-344. 
  • Czaplewski, R.L. and Patterson, P.L., 2003. Classification accuracy for stratification with remotely sensed data. Forest Science, 49(3), pp.402-408. 
  • Czaplewski, R.L., 2010. Accuracy assessment with complex sampling designs. In: Tate, NJ; Fisher, PF, eds. Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Spatial Accuracy Assessment in Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences; Accuracy 2010 Symposium; July 20-23; Leicester, UK. Great Britain: University of Leicester, MPG Books Group. p. 174-176. (pp. 174-176). 
  • Zhu, Z., Yang, L., Stehman, S.V. and Czaplewski, R.L., 2000. Accuracy assessment for the US Geological Survey regional land-cover mapping program: New York and New Jersey region. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 66: 1425-1438., pp.1425-1438. 
  • Stehman, S.V. and Czaplewski, R.L., 2003. Introduction to special issue on map accuracy. Environmental and Ecological Statistics. 10: 301-308., pp.301-308. 
  • Czaplewski, R.L., 2003. Accuracy assessment of maps of forest condition. In Remote sensing of forest environments (pp. 115-140). Springer, Boston, MA. 
  • Czaplewski, R.L. and Catts, G.P., 1992. Calibration of remotely sensed proportion or area estimates for misclassification error. Remote sensing of Environment, 39(1), pp.29-43. 
  • Czaplewski, R.L., 2000. Accuracy assessments and areal estimates using two-phase stratified random sampling, cluster plots, and the multivariate composite estimator. Quantifying spatial uncertainty in natural resources: Theory and applications for GIS and remote sensing, pp.79-100. 
  • Czaplewski, R.L. and Patterson, P.L., 2001. Accuracy of remotely sensed classifications for stratification of forest and nonforest lands. In: Reams, Gregory A.; McRoberts, Ronald E.; Van Deusen, Paul C., eds. 2001. Proceedings of the second annual Forest Inventory and Analysis symposium; 2000 October 17-18; Salt Lake City, UT. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-47. Asheville, NC: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. pp. 32-42 (pp. 32-42). 
  • Mowrer, H.T., Czaplewski, R.L. and Hamre, R.H., 1996. Spatial accuracy assessment in natural resources and environmental sciences: second international symposium. General Technical Report RM-GTR-277. Fort Collins, CO: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 728 p., 277. 
  • Clerke, W., Czaplewski, R., Campbell, J. and Fahringer, J., 1996. Assessing the accuracy of a regional land cover classification. In: Mowrer, H. Todd; Czaplewski, Raymond L.; Hamre, RH, tech coords. Spatial Accuracy Assessment in Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences: Second International Symposium. May 21-23, 1996. General Technical Report RM-GTR-277. Fort Collins, CO: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. p. 508. (Vol. 277, p. 508). 
  • Zhu, Z., Ohlen, D.O., Czaplewski, R.L. and Burgan, R.E., 1996. Alternative method to validate the seasonal land cover regions of the conterminous United States. In: Mowrer, H. Todd; Czaplewski, Raymond L.; Hamre, RH, tech coords. Spatial Accuracy Assessment in Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences: Second International Symposium. May 21-23, 1996. General Technical Report RM-GTR-277. Fort Collins, CO: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. p. 409-418. (Vol. 277, pp. 409-418). 
  • Schreuder, H.T., Bain, S. and Czaplewski, R.C., 2003. Accuracy assessment of percent canopy cover, cover type, and size class. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-108. Fort Collins, CO: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 10 p., 108.
  •  Czaplewski, R.L., 1994. Variance approximations for assessments of classification accuracy. Res. Pap. RM-316. Fort Collins, CO: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 29 p., 316. 
  • Kalkhan, M.A., Reich, R.M. and Czaplewski, R.L., 1997. Variance estimates and confidence intervals for the Kappa measure of classification accuracy. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 23(3), pp.210-216. 

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